diff --git a/src/engine/gameManager/ItemManager.java b/src/engine/gameManager/ItemManager.java
index c5bb2a74..ac97103d 100644
--- a/src/engine/gameManager/ItemManager.java
+++ b/src/engine/gameManager/ItemManager.java
@@ -21,66 +21,46 @@ public enum ItemManager {
 
     public static final AtomicInteger lastNegativeID = new AtomicInteger(0);
 
+    // restrict true: the set is a blacklist; false: a whitelist. An empty set allows everyone.
+
     public static Boolean ValidRace(Item item, mbEnums.MonsterType race) {
 
-        if (item.template.item_race_req.isEmpty() && item.template.item_race_res.isEmpty())
+        EnumSet<mbEnums.MonsterType> races = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemRaceReq();
+        boolean restrict = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemRaceReqRestrict();
+
+        if (races.isEmpty())
             return true;
 
-        if (item.template.item_race_req.isEmpty() == false)
-            if (item.template.item_race_req.contains(race))
-                return true;
-
-        if (item.template.item_race_res.isEmpty() == false)
-            if (item.template.item_race_res.contains(race) == false)
-                return true;
-
-        return false;
+        return races.contains(race) != restrict;
     }
 
     public static Boolean ValidClass(Item item, mbEnums.ClassType base, mbEnums.ClassType profession) {
 
-        // Early exit if no entry
+        EnumSet<mbEnums.ClassType> classes = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemClassReq();
+        boolean restrict = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemClassReqRestrict();
+        boolean listed;
 
-        if (item.template.item_class_req.isEmpty() && item.template.item_class_res.isEmpty())
+        if (classes.isEmpty())
             return true;
 
-        if (item.template.item_class_req.isEmpty() == false)
-            if (item.template.item_class_req.contains(base) || item.template.item_class_req.contains(profession))
-                return true;
+        listed = classes.contains(base) || classes.contains(profession);
 
-        if (item.template.item_class_res.isEmpty() == false)
-            if (item.template.item_class_res.contains(base) == false && item.template.item_class_res.contains(profession) == false)
-                return true;
-
-        return false;
+        return listed != restrict;
     }
 
     public static Boolean ValidDiscipline(Item item, EnumSet<mbEnums.DisciplineType> discs) {
 
-        // Early exit if no entry
+        EnumSet<mbEnums.DisciplineType> disciplines = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemDiscReq();
+        boolean restrict = item.template.cacheTemplate.getItemDiscReqRestrict();
+        EnumSet<mbEnums.DisciplineType> workSet;
 
-        if (item.template.item_disc_req.isEmpty() && item.template.item_disc_res.isEmpty())
+        if (disciplines.isEmpty())
             return true;
 
-        EnumSet<mbEnums.DisciplineType> workSet = EnumSet.copyOf(discs);
+        workSet = EnumSet.copyOf(discs);
+        workSet.retainAll(disciplines);
 
-        if (item.template.item_disc_req.isEmpty() == false) {
-
-            workSet.retainAll(item.template.item_disc_req);
-
-            if (workSet.isEmpty() == false)
-                return true;
-        }
-
-        if (item.template.item_disc_res.isEmpty() == false) {
-
-            workSet.retainAll(item.template.item_disc_res);
-
-            if (workSet.isEmpty() == false)
-                return true;
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return workSet.isEmpty() == restrict;
     }
 
     public static Boolean canCharacterEquip(Item item, AbstractCharacter character) {